The purpose of this study was not only to examine the longitudinal effects of goal setting and self-monitoring strategies on middle school students` self-efficacy, task values, satisfaction, and effort/persistence in physical education classes, but also to investigate the mediating effect of perceived self-efficacy in the relationship between these strategies and effort/persistence. 255 middle school students (135 boys, 120 girls) participated in the study for 16 weeks. Data collected from Time 1 through Time 2 were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, paired sample t-test, and structural equation modelling analysis. The results indicated that the levels of self-efficacy, task values, satisfaction with teaching style, and effort/persistence perceived by students were significantly increased 16 weeks later, but their effect sizes were relatively small. Self-monitoring strategies with goal setting as an intervention directly influenced both on the mediated variables and effort/persistence. Perceived self-efficacy and task values after 16 weeks partially mediated the relationship between these strategies and effort/persistence. The results suggest that students are willing to do every effort and persist on given task activities when they monitor goals set for themselves in classes and physical education teachers provide their goals with proper feedbacks.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among implicit belief of ability, approach-avoidance goals, and task procrastination behaviors in physical education context. 577 middle school students (229 boys, 348 girls) participated in this study. For analyzing data, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, reliability test, and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling were conducted. The results of structural equation modeling analysis indicated that incremental belief of ability directly predicted mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, and performance-approach goals whereas entity beliefs of ability directly predicted performance- approach, mastery-avoidance, and performance-avoidance goals. Direct implicit belief influence as well as goal mediated influences were observed as illustrated by a direct negative influence of a incremental belief on task procrastination behavior and by a positive influence of incremental belief on mastery-approach and mastery-avoidance goals, mediated by mastery-approach and mastery- avoidance goals. Mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance goals also fully mediated the influence of a entity belief on task procrastination behavior. The results of multi-group analysis showed that boys were higher in he level of incremental belief and mastery-approach goal, but lower in performance-avoidance goal than those of girls. The influence of incremental belief on mastery-approach goals was stronger in girls than boys. In conclusion, students holding an entity belief may be in hot pursuit of task procrastination through avoidance goals.

This study, which targeted professional cycle racers, aimed to develop a structural model explaining causal between factors having an effect on career transitions. It was conducted by 448 cycle racers in order to design a structural model. Methods of statistical analysis are: descriptive statistics, reliability statistics, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlational relationship analysis, structural equation modeling analysis, latent mean analysis, multi-group analysis, etc. This study used SAS 9.1 and SPSS 18.0 AMOS 18.0 statistical analysis software program. the analytical results of this study are as follows. 1. As a result of an analysis about measurement model, career exploration behavior was deleted in the process of model modification by modification index and career maturity failed to reach inspection standard of reliability and validity, and was removed. Finally, the result of confirmatory factor analysis of 4 measurement models corresponding with reliability and validity met the requirement of most standards and thus this measurement model has been confirmed as valid. 2. Set goodness-of-fit-indexes of structural model based on 4 final measurement models which have been proven in reliability and validity came up to all the standards. As an analytical result of causal effect, career self-efficiency was the most powerful in self-identity(γ = .730) and was very small in social identity(γ = .017). In career transitions, career self-efficacy(β = .552), the most influential, followed by self-identity(γ = .591), and social identity(γ = -.002) were present in sequence. Also, final structural model was accepted as cross-validation. 3. For the search of differences between groups, a latent mean analysis was conducted. As a result, First, it showed that possibilities of older age athletes group were higher than those of younger age athletes group in career transition(ρ < .001). Secondary, chances of non-people of athletes group were higher than those of people of athletes group in career transition(ρ < .001). Thirdly, athletes group with much experience showed higher possibilites than athletes group with lack of experience in career transitions(ρ < .001). Fourth, athletes group with pre-retirement planning showed higher chances than athletes group without the plan in self-identity and career self-efficacy, and career transitions(ρ < .001). 4. The outcome of multi group analysis conducted for the review of application about final model revealed that by experience, in view of self-identity, career self-efficacy and in social-identity, the process of career transitions powerfully affected those who have much career compared with those who have less career. By groups of checking whether pre-retirement planning is or not, in terms of self-identity, career self-efficacy, and in career self-efficacy, the process of career transitions are much more influential for groups with pre-retirement planning than groups without one.

The purpose of this study was to explore the tendency of badminton players` perception of Body and Fitness factors that have effects on their performance. Body and Fitness factors of badminton were extracted from 59 badminton players, and coaches. Comparison between self and others evaluation were conducted by 58 players. The results were as follows; First, 14 Body and Fitness factors gathered through open-ended questions and experts` meeting were hight, arm length, leg length, ankle circumference, hand size, lower body strength, abdominals, waist strength, shoulder strength, grasping power, power, endurance, physical flexibility, and wrist flexibility. These factors reflectd the specialty of badminton regarding to the efficiency of game management and showed that one must comprehensively consider individual traits, events, and environment for Body and Fitness perception studies. Second, badminton players had modest tendency of Body and Fitness perception as their self-evaluation and evaluation of others about physical factors. In other words, they assessed other players` body higher than their own bodies. As considering that participants were junior national players with favorable physical conditions, it was plausible that the players used impression management strategy in the physical area in which objective observation was possible in comparison with other areas. Finally, badminton players` Body and Fitness perception it means modesty bias that others have better physical conditions than themselves. This bias illustrated Korean cultural attributes which is that humbleness is emphasized as an important virtue. In addition, modesty bias was not to body but to fitness area could be interpreted as another type of the self-enhancement strategy used as a self-handicapping in order to protect and strengthen one`s self-esteem. With these results, active researches on perception through social comparison were expected in sport psychology area.

The purpose of this study was to investigated the level of psychological skills among yacht players in order to explore basic informations for developing training programs and applying efficient strategies in yacht players. For this purpose, a total of 216 yacht players responded to Psychological Skills Questionnaire in Sport (PSQS) developed by Yoo Jin and Heo Jeong hoon (2002). The results of the study were as follows; First, university team players showed higher levels of psychological skills than business team players at anxiety control and concentration, whereas will power was higher in university and high school players than in business team players. Second, in sailing type the double handed sailing group showed higher psychological skills in ability at anxiety control, confidence and concentration than single handed sailing group. Third, in experience level, 8 years`or longer experienced group showed higher levels of goal setting and confidence than those with 2-3 years` experienced group.

This investigation reports the effects of Psychological Skills Training(PST) on performance of three elite throwers. The PST players in addition to their physical practices were exposed to psychological skills: goal setting, self-talk, relaxation, concentration, routines, and imagery. The effects of program adapting were evaluated through the Test of Performance Strategies(TOPS), the Athletes` Self-Management Questionnaire(ASMQ), and multiple interviews. The Orlick`s Competition reflection was used to identifying thrower`s psychological weakness. The results showed that there were significant increase in the dimension of psychological skills and self-management. Moreover, in-depth interviews with athletes revealed that the programs significantly contributed to intensity the capability of self-control in the competitive tournaments. These results show us that although psychological interventions were considered as the insignificant for elite throwers, according to the results, it is indeed necessary for elite track and field athletes to improve their performance by adapting various PST on their daily training process.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sensation seeking behavior and self-determination motivation of sport climbing club members. For this, T-test was conducted to determine the differences between basic psychological needs and sport motivation depending on the level of sensation seeking propensity and hierarchical multiple regression was employed to examine the relationship between sensation seeking behavior, basic psychological needs, and sport motivation. The result showed that there were differences of basic psychological needs and sport motivation depending on sensation seeking propensity. In the relationship among the factors, thrill and adventure seeking and experience seeking affected self-determination positively whereas thrill and adventure seeking and disinhibition and boredom susceptibility affected competence positively. But only experience seeking affected relation positively. In the relationship between basic psychological needs sport motivation, autonomy, competence and relation affected intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and confirmatory motivation but influenced amotivation negatively. In the relationship between sensation seeking propensity and sport motivation, thrill and adventure seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility had a positive influence on extrinsic motivation and thrill and adventure seeking, boredom susceptibility, and experience seeking affected intrinsic motivation positively. Thrill and adventure seeking affected confirmatory motivation positively, whereas disinhibition, boredom susceptibility, and experience seeking affected amotivation negatively. Basic psychological needs had a mediated effect on the relationship between sensation seeking propensity and sport motivation.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between expertise and movement timing by analyzing coordinated inter-limb movement. 6 expert and 6 novice dancers were selected in this study. 4 different conditions were applied; fast and slow movement velocity with in-phase and anti-phase inter-limb movement. For the experimental task, the subject performed an upward and downward right arm movement while flexing and extending the lower limbs. To analyze the accuracy and stability of movement timing, absolute error and variability error were analyzed. To analyze the coordination pattern analysis, cross-correlation was analyzed. The results of this study were as follows; In terms of movement velocity, all subjects showed the smaller absolute error and variability error in fast velocity condition than slow velocity condition. In terms of expertise, the experts showed smaller absolute error and variability error than the novices. In terms of coordination pattern, the experts showed more stable and accurate timing in anti-phase than in-phase. However, the novices showed more stable and accurate timing in in-phase than anti-phase. The result of cross correlation showed that in anti-phase pattern different movement control strategy was applied by expertise. It represented movement timing and coordination pattern were primary factor for evaluating expertise.

The purpose of this study was to determine how familiar tasks influence cognitive information process in brain area. Cognitive information process was assessed by event-related potentials(N170 and P250) recorded at 4 sites(T7, T8, P7, and P8). Twelve male wrestlers participated in this experiment. Coach`s picture was used as stimulus in familiar task. and unknown person`s picture was used as stimulus in unfamiliar task. Two hundred pictures (target stimulus: 40, standard stimulus: 160) randomly were presented on a monitor. The task was to push the left or right button as stimulus type as soon as possible. EEG data were measured in Fz, Cz, Pz, T7, T8, P7, P8 and O1. To analyze event-related potentials(ERPs), latency and amplitude were collected from raw data fo each area. The N170 and P250 were separately analyzed in a 2 (stimulus) × 2 (hemisphere) ANOVA. The results showed that the N170 latency of familiar stimulus was longer than unfamiliar stimulus` in temporal areas (T7 and T8). but in P250 latency of familiar stimulus was shorter than unfamiliar stimulus`. In the amplitude analysis, the N170 and P170 amplitudes of the right-hemisphere were significantly higher than that of the left-hemisphere. This study neuro-physiologically prove the fact that if wrestler is becoming familiar on the tasks, information process on the task quicken.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of bi-directional PAS on the motor cortical excitability. The PAS protocol developed by Pitcher et al. (2003) was found to modulate M1 excitability according to the frequency of peripheral electrical stimulation (ES). In addition, it was known by bilateral paradigms given the observation of Werhahn et al. (2002) that reduced excitability in one effect of high frequency, dual-stimulation can be augmented if low frequency stimulation is simultaneously applied to the contralateral homologous muscles. Based on these previous research results, the effectiveness of bi-directional PAS was examined. The participants were 10 older adults and 15 younger adults and performed bilateral PAS one week after unilateral PAS. Specifically, PAS were peripheral stimulus(bilaterall: low frequency 3Hz and high frequency 30Hz; uni-lateral: high frequency 30Hz) and motor threshold 120% intensity with using TMS. The result was as follows: Older and younger adults showed a tendency toward a significant increased MEP amplitude following unilateral and bilateral PAS. Bilateral PAS showed more increased amplitude than unilateral PAS. The results suggest that the bi-directional controllable synapses at human cerebrum can be in existence.

Relating to facilitate exercise for one`s health, Parfitt, Rose, and Markland (2000) reported that the choices of exercising intensity increase individual autonomy and satisfaction with self-determination. They also suggested that higher self-determination increase intrinsic motivation and the increase of intrinsic motivation can continue exercise more strongly. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between affect and physiological response to physical exercise experiencing while participants are exercising. Psychological/physiological responses experienced by exercise mode (high preference / low preference) and exercise intensity (55%, 70%, 85%) were observed and analyzed. Sixty-five university undergraduates (47 male and 18 female) served as participants in this study. The data were analyzed through SPSS 12.0 using Repeated-Measures ANOVA to investigate the differences with group and time. Both paired t-test and one-way ANOVA were carried out. The results were as follows; (1) In emotional experience during exercise or after exercise, high preference group had more experience of positive affect and less experience of negative affect than low preference group. (2) In the same exercise intensity, high preference group had lower level of perceived fatigue (physical distress or fatigue; FAT) and RPE (perceived exercise intensity) than low preference group. (3) In emotional experience during exercise or after exercise, 70% of exercise intensity was more efficient than 55% or 85%. In both high preference group and low preference group, 70% group had highest level of positive well-being (PWB) of the three groups while having lower or similar level of psychological distress. (4) Two dimensional circumflex model of FS (feeling scale) and FAS (felt arousal scale) which participants experienced during exercise and after exercise showed that high preference exercise was placed in positive condition, on the other hand low preference exercise was in negative condition. (5) Positive FS experienced during exercise or after exercise appeared higher in 70% group than in 55% and 85% group, but level of arousal didn`t make any differences according to exercise intensity. In conclusion, implications of these results and some recommendations including use of objective indicator for measuring exercise intensity (e.g.; using VO2max), differences between the sexes, research methods were discussed.

The purpose of this study was to verify relationship between perceived coach-athlete fit and psychological needs satisfaction. Additionally, this study was conducted to examine whether there was significant difference between both variables in accordance with competence level that athletes perceive. For this, we collected responses about coach-athlete fit, basic psychological needs satisfaction, and perceived competence level from 197 Ssireum(Korean traditional wrestling) players. The result of analysis, coach-athlete fit generally had impact on psychological needs satisfaction. Specially, as athletes felt that their skill training method and characteristic trait were coincided with their coach, level of athletes` competence and relationship needs satisfaction were high. Futhermore, competence level influenced on perception of coach and athlete fit, partly because it moderated relationship between coach-athlete fit and psychological needs satisfaction. These results were discussed in terms of coach-athlete behavior fit of psychological process response based on Self-Determination Theory(SDT).

The purpose of this study was to verify relationship between perceived coach-athlete fit and psychological needs satisfaction. Additionally, this study was conducted to examine whether there was significant difference between both variables in accordance with competence level that athletes perceive. For this, we collected responses about coach-athlete fit, basic psychological needs satisfaction, and perceived competence level from 197 Ssireum(Korean traditional wrestling) players. The result of analysis, coach-athlete fit generally had impact on psychological needs satisfaction. Specially, as athletes felt that their skill training method and characteristic trait were coincided with their coach, level of athletes` competence and relationship needs satisfaction were high. Futhermore, competence level influenced on perception of coach and athlete fit, partly because it moderated relationship between coach-athlete fit and psychological needs satisfaction. These results were discussed in terms of coach-athlete behavior fit of psychological process response based on Self-Determination Theory(SDT).